Scale invariance in early embryonic development
Milos Nikolić, Victoria Antonetti, Feng Liu F, Gentian Muhaxheri, Mariela D Petkova, Martin Scheeler, Eric M Smith, William Bialek, and Thomas Gregor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) , (2024).
Abstract
The expression of a few key genes determines the body plan of the fruit fly. We show that the spatial expression patterns for several of these genes scale precisely with embryo size. Discrete positional markers such as the peaks in striped patterns or the boundaries of expression domains have positions along the embryo’s major axis proportional to embryo length, accurate to within 1%. Further, the information (in bits) that graded patterns of expression provide about a cell’s position can be decomposed into information about fractional or scaled position and information about absolute position or embryo length; all information available is about scaled position, with < 2% error. These findings imply that the underlying genetic network’s behavior exhibits scale invariance in a more precise mathematical sense. We argue that models that can explain this scale invariance also have a “zero mode” in the dynamics of gene expression, and this connects to observations on the spatial correlation of fluctuations in expression levels.
Significance Statement
The dimensions of macroscopic patterns, from the branching of snowflakes to the rippling of sand dunes, are determined by the properties of their component parts. As such, larger versions of those systems typically have more repetitions of the same basic pattern elements. Living organisms are different: larger organisms have the same numbers of pattern elements but these scale in size, so that proportions remain the same. We show that scaling is visible in the fruit fly’s first few hours of embryonic development. It is exact: > 98% of the information cells have about their position in the embryo is in scaled coordinates. This near-perfect scaling strongly constrains the dynamics of the underlying genetic networks.